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Wireless networks are accessible to anyone within the router’s transmission radius. This makes them vulnerable to attacks. Hotspots are available in public places such as airports, restaurants, parks, etc.
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In this tutorial, we will introduce you to common techniques used to exploit weaknesses in wireless network security implementations. We will also look at some of the countermeasures you can put in place to protect against such attacks.
Topics covered in this tutorial
What is a wireless network?
A wireless network is a network that uses radio waves to link computers and other devices together. The implementation is done at the Layer 1 (physical layer) of the OSI model.
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How to access a wireless network?
You will need a wireless network enabled device such as a laptop, tablet, smartphones, etc. You will also need to be within the transmission radius of a wireless network access point. Most devices (if the wireless network option is turned on) will provide you with a list of available networks. If the network is not password protected, then you just have to click on connect. If it is password protected, then you will need the password to gain access.
Wireless Network Authentication
Since the network is easily accessible to everyone with a wireless network enabled device, most networks are password protected. Let’s look at some of the most commonly used authentication techniques.
WEP
WEP is the acronym for Wired Equivalent Privacy. It was developed for IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards. Its goal was to provide the privacy equivalent to that provided by wired networks. WEP works by encrypting the data been transmitted over the network to keep it safe from eavesdropping.
WEP Authentication
Open System Authentication (OSA) – this methods grants access to station authentication requested based on the configured access policy.
Shared Key Authentication (SKA) – This method sends to an encrypted challenge to the station requesting access. The station encrypts the challenge with its key then responds. If the encrypted challenge matches the AP value, then access is granted.
WEP Weakness
WEP has significant design flaws and vulnerabilities.
- The integrity of the packets is checked using Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC32). CRC32 integrity check can be compromised by capturing at least two packets. The bits in the encrypted stream and the checksum can be modified by the attacker so that the packet is accepted by the authentication system. This leads to unauthorized access to the network.
- WEP uses the RC4 encryption algorithm to create stream ciphers. The stream cipher input is made up of an initial value (IV) and a secret key. The length of the initial value (IV) is 24 bits long while the secret key can either be 40 bits or 104 bits long. The total length of both the initial value and secret can either be 64 bits or 128 bits long.The lower possible value of the secret key makes it easy to crack it.
- Weak Initial values combinations do not encrypt sufficiently. This makes them vulnerable to attacks.
- WEP is based on passwords; this makes it vulnerable to dictionary attacks.
- Keys management is poorly implemented. Changing keys especially on large networks is challenging. WEP does not provide a centralized key management system.
- The Initial values can be reused
Because of these security flaws, WEP has been deprecated in favor of WPA
WPA
WPA is the acronym for Wi-Fi Protected Access. It is a security protocol developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance in response to the weaknesses found in WEP. It is used to encrypt data on 802.11 WLANs. It uses higher Initial Values 48 bits instead of the 24 bits that WEP uses. It uses temporal keys to encrypt packets.
WPA Weaknesses
- The collision avoidance implementation can be broken
- It is vulnerable to denial of service attacks
- Pre-shares keys use passphrases. Weak passphrases are vulnerable to dictionary attacks.
How to Crack Wireless Networks
WEP cracking
Cracking is the process of exploiting security weaknesses in wireless networks and gaining unauthorized access. WEP cracking refers to exploits on networks that use WEP to implement security controls. There are basically two types of cracks namely;
- Passive cracking– this type of cracking has no effect on the network traffic until the WEP security has been cracked. It is difficult to detect.
- Active cracking– this type of attack has an increased load effect on the network traffic. It is easy to detect compared to passive cracking. It is more effective compared to passive cracking.
WEP Cracking Tools
- Aircrack– network sniffer and WEP cracker. Can be downloaded from http://www.aircrack-ng.org/
- WEPCrack– this is an open source program for breaking 802.11 WEP secret keys. It is an implementation of the FMS attack. http://wepcrack.sourceforge.net/
- Kismet- this can include detector wireless networks both visible and hidden, sniffer packets and detect intrusions. https://www.kismetwireless.net/
- WebDecrypt– this tool uses active dictionary attacks to crack the WEP keys. It has its own key generator and implements packet filters. http://wepdecrypt.sourceforge.net/
WPA Cracking
WPA uses a 256 pre-shared key or passphrase for authentications. Short passphrases are vulnerable to dictionary attacks and other attacks that can be used to crack passwords. The following tools can be used to crack WPA keys.
- CowPatty– this tool is used to crack pre-shared keys (PSK) using brute force attack. http://wirelessdefence.org/Contents/coWPAttyMain.htm
- Cain & Abel– this tool can be used to decode capture files from other sniffing programs such as Wireshark. The capture files may contain WEP or WPA-PSK encoded frames. https://www.softpedia.com/get/Security/Decrypting-Decoding/Cain-and-Abel.shtml
General Attack types
- Sniffing– this involves intercepting packets as they are transmitted over a network. The captured data can then be decoded using tools such as Cain & Abel.
- Man in the Middle (MITM) Attack– this involves eavesdropping on a network and capturing sensitive information.
- Denial of Service Attack– the main intent of this attack is to deny legitimate users network resources. FataJack can be used to perform this type of attack. More on this in article
Cracking Wireless network WEP/WPA keys
It is possible to crack the WEP/WPA keys used to gain access to a wireless network. Doing so requires software and hardware resources, and patience. The success of such attacks can also depend on how active and inactive the users of the target network are.
We will provide you with basic information that can help you get started. Backtrack is a Linux-based security operating system. It is developed on top of Ubuntu. Backtrack comes with a number of security tools. Backtrack can be used to gather information, assess vulnerabilities and perform exploits among other things.
Some of the popular tools that backtrack has includes;
- Metasploit
- Wireshark
- Aircrack-ng
- NMap
- Ophcrack
Cracking wireless network keys requires patience and resources mentioned above. At a minimum, you will need the following tools
A wireless network adapter with the capability to inject packets (Hardware)
- Kali Operating System. You can download it from here https://www.kali.org/downloads/
- Be within the target network’s radius. If the users of the target network are actively using and connecting to it, then your chances of cracking it will be significantly improved.
- Sufficient knowledge of Linux based operating systems and working knowledge of Aircrack and its various scripts.
- Patience, cracking the keys may take a bit of sometime depending on a number of factors some of which may be beyond your control. Factors beyond your control include users of the target network using it actively as you sniff data packets.
How to Secure wireless networks
In minimizing wireless network attacks; an organization can adopt the following policies
- Changing default passwords that come with the hardware
- Enabling the authentication mechanism
- Access to the network can be restricted by allowing only registered MAC addresses.
- Use of strong WEP and WPA-PSK keys, a combination of symbols, number and characters reduce the chance of the keys been cracking using dictionary and brute force attacks.
- Firewall Software can also help reduce unauthorized access.
Hacking Activity: Crack Wireless Password
In this practical scenario, we are going touse Cain and Abel to decode the stored wireless network passwords in Windows. We will also provide useful information that can be used to crack the WEP and WPA keys of wireless networks.
Decoding Wireless network passwords stored in Windows
- Download Cain & Abel from the link provided above.
- Open Cain and Abel
- Ensure that the Decoders tab is selected then click on Wireless Passwords from the navigation menu on the left-hand side
- Click on the button with a plus sign
- Assuming you have connected to a secured wireless network before, you will get results similar to the ones shown below
- The decoder will show you the encryption type, SSID and the password that was used.
Summary
- Wireless network transmission waves can be seen by outsiders, this possesses many security risks.
- WEP is the acronym for Wired Equivalent Privacy. It has security flaws which make it easier to break compared to other security implementations.
- WPA is the acronym for Wi-Fi Protected Access. It has security compared to WEP
- Intrusion Detection Systems can help detect unauthorized access
- A good security policy can help protect a network.
When we work on our compact and handy laptops, the delight is incredible. No stack of wires attached to it to get connected with rest of the world. Just install a Wi-Fi/LAN router at your home and take the pleasure of robust internet connectivity at every corner of your house.
The true bliss is that your laptop remembers your Wi-Fi/LAN password of it, just after the first connectivity. But this superpower of your laptop has a major drawback as well, because we hardly bother to note down our Wi-Fi passwords for future references.
Though getting connected to your Wi-Fi connection would not be an issue for you and your laptop but it would be a tough nut to crack for any of your friends and other ‘kith and kin’. They need your Wi-Fi password to connect their devices. But, you don’t remember it, right?
Well, your laptop is your knight in shining armor as it remembers the password. All you need to know a simple procedure to retrieve it.
In this article, we are going to tell those super-easy steps which will help you to view your Wi-Fi/LAN passwords so that all your acquaintances don’t have to cut off from the world when they are at your place. Also, we will also guide you about some useful steps to prioritize the networks over your laptop.
Steps to retrieve Wi-Fi/LAN network password on Windows 7
If you are Windows 7 users than follow these steps to retrieve your forgotten Wi-Fi network password.
1. Open the “Control Panel” tab on your laptop.
2. Choose “Network and Sharing Centre” from list.
3. Now, click on “Manage wireless networks” from the list.
4. Once you clicked on it, a window with all connected Wi-Fi and LAN connections will open up. Choose the one of which you want to retrieve the password.
5. Once you choose the connection, do the right click and select on “Properties”.
6. In this section, there will two options in front of you, one is “Connection” and another one is “Security”. Click on “Security” and then select “Show Characters”. Your forgotten password is right in front of you.
Steps to retrieve your Wi-Fi/LAN network password in Windows 8 and 10
Those, who are using Windows version 8 and 10, need to follow the mentioned steps to retrieve the network password.
By using “cmd” command
1. Open the “cmd” command prompt in your laptop.
2. Type “netsh wlan show profiles” command and hit “Enter”.
3. A list of all your connected networks will appear on your screen.
4. Now, use command
to find the password of the respective profile. Make sure that you replace the “Profile name” with your real-time Wi-Fi network names.
For example, from this list, if I want to get the password of AtomicFrags profile then my command would be:
5. Once you hit “Enter”, you will get the details of the profile. Look out for the “Key Content” and your password is mentioned just right here. Pretty easy!
By using “Control Panel’’
If you are not very fond of using “cmd” command then you can get back your network password by going to the “Control Panel” of your laptop as well. Here are the steps:
1. Click “Setting” on the desktop screen.
2. Choose “Network, Internet, Wi-Fi, Airplane and VPN” option.
3. Choose “Status” followed by “Change Adaptor Settings”.
4. When you will click on this option, a window with “Network Connections” will get opened.
5. Right-click on your Wi-Fi network of which you want to get the password and choose ‘Status’.
6. Choose “Wireless Properties”.
7. Click on “Security”.
How To Get Wifi Password Windows
8. Click on “Show Characters” and the password is visible.
With the help of above-explained steps, you can easily get back your long lost Wi-FI network password. No more hassle to keeping it secure over a post-card or a paper.
Now, there are times when we need to change our network priorities to get connected with other Wi-Fi networks. This is especially required when you travel to an entirely new place and your laptop denies to get connected to any new network.
In addition, this problem also occurs when you have more than one network connected to your laptop and your laptop auto-detect the one which is not available right now.
For example, you take your laptop to work and use your office’s Wi-Fi network. Your laptop remembers it forever. Then you come back home and you connect it to the Wi-Fi network available at home.
But, your laptop keeps on searching for your office network connection which is not available right now. The same problem occurs when there are multiple routers attached to one network connection.
What to do in that case?
Read out your steps and have a delight to hassle-free connectivity to any new network connection.
1. Go to “Start” and then type “View network connection”.
2. Press ALT key then click on “Advanced options”. Go to “Advanced Settings”.
3. Choose “Local Area Connection”. You will find that there are green arrows in front of very network connection name. Click on the green arrow belongs to the network name to which you want to give priority.
After giving the preferences to the desired network connection, don’t forget to click on “OK”, in order to save it.
And now, you are all good to go. Your laptop will remember this priority and will get it connected to it as soon as you logged in.
Working with Wi-Fi/ LAN is indeed a cakewalk as we get instant connectivity without bleak connections. But, there are times when we get some minor but daunting issues.
You need not to a computer expert to handle them. Just read our expert tips and handle it with ease. Little attention to details and simple steps will take you out of this mess.
Change Wifi Password Windows 7
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